THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDES AND DRY RESIDUAL BIOMASS ON THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTS IN OECD COUNTRIES

LAEEQ RAZZAK JANJUA¹, MD ATAUL GANI OSMANI²
UNIVERSITATEA VISTULA, POLONIA¹
UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA RIMINI, ITALIA²
Cor­re­spond­ing author e‑mail: janjua.ue @ gmail.com
Abstract: The present study explores the impacts of pes­ti­cide usage and burned bio­mass on the eco­log­i­cal foot­prints in OECD coun­tries. Based on 500 pan­el obser­va­tions  from 25 sam­ple  OECD coun­tries dur­ing the peri­od of 2000 to 2019, the study applies pan­el data regres­sion approch. The pan­el data regres­sion mod­els are esti­mat­ed by pooled OLS method in one way and fixed effects with Driscoll-Kraay stan­dard errors method in oth­er way. The lat­ter method is a robust method of cap­tur­ing het­eroskesedas­tic­i­ty and auto­cor­re­la­tion. In both esti­ma­tions, the results find that pes­ti­cide usage and burned bio­mass have pos­i­tive and sig­nif­i­cant impacts on the eco­log­i­cal foot­prints of OECD coun­tries but in par­tic­u­lar pes­ti­cide usage has stronger effect in Driscoll-Kraay stan­dard errors approach and less in pooled OLS method. This means that both vari­ables increase the PM2.5 con­cen­tra­tion in OECD coun­tries and cause cli­mate change. There­fore, organ­ic pest-resis­tant tech­niques and the use of resid­ual bio­mass as feed­stock could be the pos­si­ble solu­tions to improve eco­log­i­cal foot­prints in OECD coun­tries.
Key­words: Cli­mate change, Eco­log­i­cal foot­prints, Pes­ti­cide usage , Bio mass burn­ing , OECD
JEL Clas­si­fi­ca­tion:  Q2 ,  Q5 , P42, Q580